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The Dummer's War (1722–1725), also known as Father Rale's War, Lovewell's War, Greylock's War, the Three Years War, the 4th Anglo-Abenaki War〔The three previous Indian Wars were King Philip's War or the First Indian War in 1675, King William's War or the Second Indian War, and the Queen Anne's War or Third Indian War, 1703-1711;.〕 or the Wabanaki-New England War of 1722–1725,〔William Wicken uses the latter name to refer to the war. See Wicken, 2002, p. 71.〕 was a series of battles between New England and the Wabanaki Confederacy (specifically the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Abenaki), who were allied with New France. The eastern theatre of the war was fought primarily along the border between New England and Acadia in present-day Maine as well as in Nova Scotia; the western theatre was fought in northern Massachusetts and Vermont at the border between Canada (New France) and New England. (During this time Massachusetts included present-day Maine and Vermont.)〔The Nova Scotia theatre of the Dummer War is named the "Mi'kmaq-Maliseet War" by John Grenier. ''The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760''. University of Oklahoma Press. 2008.〕 The root cause of the conflict on the Maine frontier was over the border between Acadia and New England, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.〔William Williamson. ''The history of the state of Maine''. Vol. 2. 1832. p. 27, p. 266; Griffiths, E. From Migrant to Acadian. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005. p.61; Campbell, Gary. The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec. Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Heritage Military Project. 2005. p. 21.〕 After the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, mainland Nova Scotia came under British control, but both present-day New Brunswick and virtually all of present-day Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France. To secure New France's claim to the region, it established Catholic missions (churches) among the four largest native villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River (Norridgewock); one further north on the Penobscot River (Penobscot), one on the Saint John River (Medoctec).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada )〕〔John Grenier, ''The Far Reaches of Empire''. University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, p. 51, p. 54.〕 and one at Shubenacadie (Saint Anne's Mission).〔http://www.northeastarch.com/sainte_anne.html〕 (Similarly, during Father Le Loutre's War, New France established three forts along the border of present-day New Brunswick to protect it from a British attack from Nova Scotia.) Complicating matters further, on the Nova Scotia frontier, the treaty that ended Queen Anne's War had been signed in Europe and had not involved any member of the Wabanaki Confederacy. While the Abenaki signed the Treaty of Portsmouth (1713), none had been consulted about British ownership of Nova Scotia, and the Mi'kmaq protested through raids on New England fishermen and settlements.〔William Wicken. "Mi'maq Decisions: Antoine Tecouenemac, the Conquest, and the Treaty of Utrecht". in John Reid et al (eds). ''The Conquest of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial and Aboriginal Constructions.'' University of Toronto Press. 2004. pp. 96〕 The war began on two fronts as a result of the expansion of New England settlements along the coast of Maine, and at Canso, Nova Scotia. The New Englanders were led primarily by Lt. Governor of Massachusetts William Dummer, Lt. Governor of Nova Scotia John Doucett and Captain John Lovewell. The Wabanaki Confederacy and other native tribes were led primarily by Father Sébastien Rale, Chief Gray Lock and Chief Paugus. During the war, Father Rale was defeated and executed by the British at Norridgewock; the native population retreated from the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers to St. Francis and Becancour, Quebec, and New England took over much of the Maine territory.〔While New Englanders safely settled the land, not until the treaty of 1752 did Massachusetts officially lay claim to the entire Penobscot watershed. In 1759 the Pownall Expedition, led by Governor Thomas Pownall, established Fort Pownall on Cape Jellison (this is now within present-day Stockton Springs, Maine).〕 In present-day New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, the treaty that ended Father Rale's war marked a significant shift in European relations with the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet. For the first time a European power, in this case Britain, formally acknowledged that its dominion over Nova Scotia would have to be negotiated with the region's indigenous inhabitants.〔William Wicken, 2002, p. 72.〕 ==Background== When the War of the Spanish Succession ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the colonial borders of northeastern North America were reshaped, but the treaty did not properly account for Native American longstanding claims to the same area. French Acadia was ceded to Great Britain (which established the province of Nova Scotia), although its borders were disputed. The area disputed by the European powers consisted of land between the Kennebec River (the eastern portion of the modern U.S. state of Maine) and the Isthmus of Chignecto (all of the modern Canadian province of New Brunswick). This land was occupied by a number of Algonquian-speaking Indian tribes loosely allied in what is now known as the Wabanaki Confederacy, which also claimed sovereignty over most of this territory and had occupancy preceding that of the Europeans. Joseph Dudley, governor of Massachusetts (which then included Maine) and New Hampshire, organized a major peace conference at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In negotiations there and at Casco Bay, the Wabanaki present orally objected to British assertions that the French had ceded their territory (present-day eastern Maine and New Brunswick) to Britain, and agreed to a confirmation of boundaries at the Kennebec River and the establishment of government-run trading posts in their territory.〔Morrison, pp. 162–163〕 The Treaty of Portsmouth, ratified on July 13, 1713, by eight representatives of some of the tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy, however, included language asserting British sovereignty over their territory.〔Calloway, pp. 107–110〕 Over the next year other Abenaki tribal leaders also signed the treaty, but no Mi'kmaq ever signed it or any other treaty until 1726.〔Reid, pp. 97–98〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dummer's War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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